Ebola virus disease evd is a zoonotic disease caused by an rna virus of the family filoviridae and genus ebola virus leading to severe hemorrhagic fever and fulminant septic shock. In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. Ebola virus disease in the light of epidemiological triad.
Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Modeling challenges of ebola virushost dynamics during. Probing into the factors that led to the widespread outbreak, setting forth plans to counter evd cases in developing countries, and devising definitive measures to limit the spread of the disease are essential steps that must be. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc. Ebola, the killer virus infectious diseases of poverty. The ebola virus disease evd outbreak in north kivu and ituri provinces, democratic republic of the congo continues to be closely monitored, with the ministry of health, who and partners making progress in response to the outbreak. Ebola virus disease evd general information what is ebola virus disease. Using data from this screen, quantitative structureactivity relationship models were built and employed for virtual screening of a. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease in people and nonhuman primates. We developed a statistical modeling approach that associates 37 human or great ape ebola spillovers since 1982 with. Heterogeneities in the case fatality ratio in the west african ebola outbreak 202016. Objects like needles and syringes that have been contaminated. Recently, we performed a genomewide sirna screen that identified the nuclear rna export factor 1 nxf1 as an important host factor for the ebov life. The emerging infectious diseases journal has published many articles on ebola.
A systematic screen of fdaapproved drugs was performed to identify compounds with in vitro antiviral activities against ebola virus ebov. The journal published its first ebola article in 1995, volume 1, issue number 3. Chughtai, helping to solve the primary question of whats next and aiding in. Ebola virus disease journal of the american physicians. Ebola virus is one of the most virulent pathogens known to infect humans. Ebola virus disease ebola hemorrhagic fever first appeared in 1976 with two concurrent outbreaks of acute viral hemorrhagic fever involving 284 cases 151 deaths 53% centred in nzara, sudan, and 318 cases 280 deaths 88% in yambuku near the ebola river, democratic republic of congo. Since these original cases, there have been approximately 20 other outbreaks occurring through to. This can happen when a person touches the infected body fluids or objects that are contaminated with them, such as. Ebola virus caused an epidemic of unprecedented extension in west africa. Evaluation of ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing.
Here, we propose a hypothesis of the evolutionary history of ebola virus which will be helpful. It contains information on the west saharan response to ebola as well as highlights from the field in west africa from dr. Relevant research published from 20 onwards in bmc and springeropen journals is collected here for the convenience of researchers. Years of ebola virus disease outbreaks error processing. The 2014 ebola virus disease outbreak in west africa. To view the complete and current version, please refer to the ebola virus infection topic on the bmj best practice website. August 2016 the new england journal of medicine article on the scale and growth of the epidemic, origins of human infection in west africa, the effect of interventions, and preparation for future outbreaks. Ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf was first reported in 1976 during the ebola outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo formerly zaire, and the. There was concern that the outbreak would not be controlled for a prolonged period. Spatiotemporal fluctuations and triggers of ebola virus.
August 2016 the new england journal of medicine article on the scale and growth of the epidemic, origins of human infection in west africa, the effect. Its economic impact on the west african region was crippling. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. Journal of pineal research molecula r, biological, p h y siological and clinical aspe c t s of mel a toni n. From origins to outbreak covers ebola virus disease in its entirety from its origins through major outbreaks in the past to the present day outbreak. The tremendous outbreak of ebola virus disease occurring in west africa since the end of 20 surprises by its remoteness from previous epidemics and dramatic extent. Since the initial discovery of zaire and sudan ebola virus in 1976, the ebola viruses have been responsible for severe hemorrhagic fever outbreaks.
Since then, the virus has emerged periodically and infected people in several african countries. In this study, 27 ebola virus strains with complete glycoprotein genes, including five species zaire, sudan, reston, tai forest, bundibugyo, were analysed. Ebola is spread through direct contact through broken skin or mucous membranes in, for example, the eyes, nose, or mouth with. Epidemiology of ebola subtype reston virus in the philippines, 1996. In august 2018, an outbreak of ebola virus disease evd began in the provinces of north kivu and ituri in the democratic republic of congo drc. The continued spread is facilitated by insufficient medical facilities, poor sanitation, travel, and unsafe burial practices. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe, often fatal, viral disease. Computeraided discovery and characterization of novel. Current inhost mathematical models simplify ebov infection by assuming a single homogeneous. Ebola virus disease evd, also known as ebola hemorrhagic fever ehf, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebola viruses.
Ebola virus disease evd, a fatal viral hemorrhagic illness, is due to infection with the ebola virus of the filoviridae family. Pdf ebola virus is transmitted to people as a result of direct contact with body fluids containing virus of an. Zebovgp ebola vaccine during the sierra leone trial to introduce a vaccine against ebola. The viruses that cause evd are located mainly in subsaharan africa. The high rate of mortality in the current ebola epidemic has made it difficult for researchers to collect samples of the virus and study its evolution. Journal of clinical microbiology january 2015 volume 53 number 1 on may 22, 2020 by guest. The authors analyzed changes in the viral sequence and conclude that the current outbreak probably.
Mathematical modeling of ebola virus ebovhost dynamics during infection and treatment in vivo is in its infancy due to few studies with frequent viral kinetic data, lack of approved antiviral therapies, and limited insight into the timing of ebov infection of cells and tissues throughout the body. Recent trends figure 1 suggest that control measures are working, although these. Ebola, also known as ebola virus disease evd, is a viral haemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. People can get evd through direct contact with an infected animal bat or nonhuman primate or. This outbreak was unprecedented in scale, with more than 28 000 confirmed cases and 11 000 deaths. Pdf ebola virus disease evd is a lifethreatening viral disease with a fatality rate ranging from around 30% to 90%.
These articles are freely available to help assist. Ebola virus american veterinary medical association. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before. In the 2014 outbreak though with the roots being discovered in late 20, events in west africa changed the perception of evd from an exotic tropical disease to a global health security and threat. While virushost interactions are promising targets for antivirals, there is only limited knowledge regarding the interactions of ebov with cellular host factors. The present large outbreak of ebov illustrates how an emerging disease may start and spread, the. Ebola virus ebov causes severe outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in humans. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. Over the past 40 years, more than 20 outbreaks have occurred in africa, with most of the known outbreaks occurring in the past 20 years. Located on the atlantic coast of west africa, guinea is the first country in this geographical region in which an outbreak of evd has occurred, leaving. Ebolaviruses belong to the genus ebolavirus of the family filoviridae in the.
Ebola virus disease evd has mostly affected economically deprived countries as limited resources adversely affect a countrys infrastructure and administration. As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd. Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from ebola virus disease. Journal of american physicians and surgeons volume 19 number 4 winter 2014 101 abstract the ebola virus ebov is the cause of an emerging disease that may be harbored across a much larger geographic range then previously assumed. This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the creative. It provides an update on research on the ecology of ebola viruses, modes of contamination and human transmission of the. A randomized, controlled trial of ebola virus disease. An epidemic of ebola virus disease is occurring in western africa on a scale not seen before, particularly in the countries of guinea, liberia, and sierra leone. Ebola virus was first described in 1976 near the ebola river in what is now the democratic republic of congo. On 17 july 2019, the ebola virus disease outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo was declared a public health emergency of international concern by the world health organization. Ebolaviruses are negative stranded rna viruses that belong to the filoviridae family. Several patients diagnosed with ebola virus disease in africa have been evacuated to the united states for.